Resolved, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. [2]
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| Resolution for Independency, centennial manuscript is on exhibit. On June 7th, 1776, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia took the foremost part in presenting the call for Independence by submitting this motion for "independency": ``Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign alliances. That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective Colonies for their consideration and approbation. - Klos Yavneh Academy Collection |
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| Dr. Naomi Yavneh Klos, July 3rd, 2013, on the set of CBS Morning News displaying and explaining the July 2nd, 1776, Resolution for Independency. |
John Adams wrote Abigail Adams on July 3, 1776:
Yesterday the greatest Question was decided, which ever was debated in America, and a greater perhaps, never was or will be decided among Men. A Resolution was passed without one dissenting Colony "that these united Colonies, are, and of right ought to be free and independent States, and as such, they have, and of Right ought to have full Power to make War, conclude Peace, establish Commerce, and to do all the other Acts and Things, which other States may rightfully do.
You will see in a few days a Declaration setting forth the Causes, which have impell'd Us to this mighty Revolution, and the Reasons which will justify it, in the Sight of God and Man. A Plan of Confederation will be taken up in a few days. On July 2, 1776 the Association known as United Colonies of America officially became the United States of America .[ix]
Consequently, it was the date of July 2, 1776 that John Adams thought would be celebrated by future generations of Americans writing to his wife Abigail Adams a second letter on July 3, 1776:
But the Day is past. The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America.
I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated, by succeeding Generations, as the great anniversary Festival. It ought to be commemorated, as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.
You will think me transported with Enthusiasm but I am not. -- I am well aware of the Toil and Blood and Treasure, that it will cost Us to maintain this Declaration, and support and defend these States. -- Yet through all the Gloom I can see the Rays of ravishing Light and Glory. I can see that the End is more than worth all the Means. And that Posterity will tryumph in that Days Transaction, even altho We should rue it, which I trust in God We shall not. [x]
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ABIGAIL SMITH ADAMS Steel Engraving, is exhibited here, from Rufus Wilmot Griswold's The Republican Court; or American Society in the Days of Washington, 1854. Abigail is probably the best known of the “Founding Mothers” due to her detailed, intimate and frank letters to her husband, John Adams, written during their frequent and prolonged separations throughout the Revolutionary War and its aftermath. While John argued in Congress, Abigail managed the farm so that it provided income to support his endeavors educated and cared for the children, gave birth to a stillborn daughter (John had been home briefly), and, finally, traveled first to France and then to England when her husband became the first Minister to the Court of Great Britain. She served as wife of the Vice President and then as First Lady during her husband’s one term as President, before he lost his hotly contested bid for a second term to Thomas Jefferson.
Abigail Adams (1744-1818) freely expressed her views regarding the colonies’ bid for independence, and subsequently what form of government the new nation might take, but she is perhaps best known for her thoughts regarding women’s rights, particularly to property and to education. Women, she believed, should not submit to laws not made in their interest, nor should they be content with the simple role of being companions to their husbands. They should educate themselves and thus be recognized for their intellectual capabilities, in order to guide and influence the lives of their children and husbands. In a March, 1776, letter to John, she urged him and the Continental Congress to "Remember the ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation." - Klos Yavneh Academy Collection
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Was Delaware, Virginia, or New Hampshire the first US State?
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Declaration of Independence Broadside – Exhibited here is the rare John Dunlap facsimile printing of the Declaration of Independence called the "Lost Copy," which was discovered in 1968 on the dusty shelves of Leary's Book Store in Philadelphia during the closing of that establishment after 132 years in business. This printing was featured by the Freedom Train on its nationwide tour from April 1975 - December 1976 and was seen in 76 cities in the 48 contiguous states during the Bi-Centennial celebration. Notice the heading does not include the word unanimous because New York had agreed to Independency on July 4th.
Background: On July 4, 1776 twelve States voted in the Continental Congress to pass the Declaration of Independence pledging their lives, fortunes, and sacred honor to uphold that principle. The manuscript was signed by only two men, Continental Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson. The document was then taken to the office of printer John Dunlap. The Congressional committee responsible for writing the Declaration was ordered to supervise its publication.
On the morning of July 5th, Dunlap delivered the freshly printed copies to Congress. A Dunlap Broadside was immediately sent to the New York Provincial Congress assembled in White Plains because its delegates abstained in the July 2nd and 4th votes for independence. Two Dunlap Broadsides were also shipped to King George III in Great Britain (a signed Declaration of Independence was never sent to Great Britain).
Over the next few days, John Hancock sent the official broadside to the colonial governments, General George Washington and other military commanders. The Signers also sent Declaration Broadside copies to their family, friends and associates, as did private individuals and members of the press. On July 6th, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first newspaper to print the text followed by John Dunlap’s July 8th, Newspaper printing in his Pennsylvania Packet. The following day, the NY Provincial Congress approved the Declaration of Independence making it unanimous. - Klos Yavneh Academy Collection
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Declaration of Independence - Exhibited here is the Pennsylvania Packet, July 8, 1776, with the entire text of the Declaration of Independence printed on page one of the four page newspaper. The following day, July 9th, New York would approve the resolution making the Declaration of Independence unanimous.
When most Americans picture the Declaration, they envision the engrossed manuscript signed by John Hancock and 55 others, titled “The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America.” But what they are seeing is a document that was not written or signed in July 1776. When the delegates agreed to the final text of the Declaration on July 4th, New York abstained. As seen in this newspaper, the original heading was "A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled." The Declaration was then signed on July 4th only by John Hancock and Continental Congress secretary Charles Thomson, and sent to press. The heading was changed later in July once New York added its assent, and on August 2, members of Congress met and signed the engrossed copy of the Declaration and did not become familiar to Americans until decades later.
The Pennsylvania Packet, July 8, 1776 centennial printing of the Declaration of Independence reflects the experience of everyday Americans as they read news of independence for the first time during that momentous July of 1776.
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Engrossed Declaration of Independence, William J. Stone, Copperplate engraving on vellum, First Edition. 24 3/4 x 30 5/16”.
Historical Background: On July 19, 1776, ten days after New York approved the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Congress ordered an official copy of the Declaration to be engrossed on vellum and signed by the members. Timothy Matlack, the clerk of Continental Congress Secretary Charles Thomson, was chosen to hand write the text of the Declaration onto a large vellum sheet, which would then be signed by the delegates. The title of Declaration of Independence by the Representatives of the United States of America in General Congress Assembled was changed to “The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America.”.
On August 2, 1776, it was recorded in the Journal of Congress that “the declaration of independence being engrossed and compared at the table was signed” by the members of Congress then assembled. According to the -- National Archives and Records Administration:
John Hancock, the President of the Congress, was the first to sign the sheet of parchment measuring 24¼ by 29¾ inches. He used a bold signature centered below the text. In accordance with prevailing custom, the other delegates began to sign at the right below the text, their signatures arranged according to the geographic location of the states they represented. New Hampshire, the northernmost state, began the list, and Georgia, the southernmost, ended it. Eventually 56 delegates signed, although all were not present on August 2. Among the later signers were Elbridge Gerry, Oliver Wolcott, Lewis Morris, Thomas McKean, and Matthew Thornton, who found that he had no room to sign with the other New Hampshire delegates. A few delegates who voted for adoption of the Declaration on July 4 were never to sign in spite of the July 19 order of Congress that the engrossed document "be signed by every member of Congress.
Non-signers included John Dickinson, who clung to the idea of reconciliation with Britain, and Robert R. Livingston, one of the Committee of Five, who thought the Declaration, was premature.
When Congress took flight to Philadelphia from Baltimore in March 1777, the manuscript Declaration traveled along. The Declaration remained with the Continental Congress moving back to Philadelphia, then to Lancaster, then to York, and finally back to Philadelphia where it was unveiled for the March 1, 1781 ratification ceremonies of the Articles of Confederation.
The document remained in Philadelphia with the new Us Constitutional body, the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA), until June 1783 when Congress fled to Princeton in the wake of 400 mutinous soldiers surrounding Independence Hall. The Declaration then mad the trek with the USCA to Annapolis in 1784, to Trenton in 1785, and then to New York in 1786 where it remained until the second Constitution was ratified and the new government was made operational. On December 6, 1790, the United States Capital officially moved from New York City to Philadelphia taking the Declaration of Independence with it until another move in 1800 when the capitol was permanently settled in Washington, D.C.
During this period, the Declaration was frequently unrolled for display to visitors, and the signatures, especially, began to fade after nearly fifty years of handling. More damage followed, caused by the effects of aging and exposure to sunlight and humidity as the Declaration hung unprotected on a wall in the Patent Office for thirty-five years.
In 1820, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams grew concerned over the fragile condition of the Declaration. With the approval of Congress, Adams commissioned William J. Stone to engrave a facsimile—an exact copy—on a copper plate. Stone’s engraving is the best representation of the Declaration as the manuscript looked prior to its nearly complete deterioration. Stone used a "new" Wet-Ink Transfer process. Unfortunately this Wet-Ink Transfer greatly contributed to the degradation of the only engrossed and signed Declaration of Independence ever produced. On April 24, 1903 the National Academy of Sciences reported its findings, summarizing the physical history of the Declaration:
The instrument has suffered very seriously from the very harsh treatment to which it was exposed in the early years of the Republic. Folding and rolling have creased the parchment. The wet press-copying operation to which it was exposed about 1820, for the purpose of producing a facsimile copy, removed a large portion of the ink. Subsequent exposure to the action of light for more than thirty years, while the instrument was placed on exhibition, has resulted in the fading of the ink, particularly in the signatures. The present method of caring for the instrument seems to be the best that can be suggested. The committee does not consider it wise to apply any chemicals with a view to restoring the original color of the ink, because such application could be but partially successful, as a considerable percentage of the original ink was removed in making the copy about 1820, and also because such application might result in serious discoloration of the parchment; nor does the committee consider it necessary or advisable to apply any solution, such as collodion, paraffin, etc., with a view to strengthening the parchment or making it moisture proof. The committee is of the opinion that the present method of protecting the instrument should be continued; that it should be kept in the dark, and as dry as possible, and never placed on exhibition.
The Wet-Ink Transfer Process called for the surface of the Declaration to be moistened transferring some of the original ink to the surface of a clean copper plate. Three and one-half years later under the date of June 4, 1823, the National Intelligencer reported that:
the City Gazette informs us that Mr. Wm. J. Stone, a respectable and enterprising (sic) engraver of this City has, after a labor of three years, completed a facsimile of the Original of the Declaration of Independence, now in the archives of the government, that it is executed with the greatest exactness and fidelity; and that the Department of State has become the purchaser of the plate. The facility of multiplying copies of it, now possessed by the Department of State will render furthur (sic) exposure of the original unnecessary.
Historian and rare document dealer Seth Kaller maintains the wet ink transfer process never occurred writing that Stone “ … left minute clues to distinguish the original from the copies, also providing evidence of his painstaking engraving process. Stone’s engraving is the best representation of the Declaration manuscript as it looked at the time of signing.”
Daniel Brent of the Department of State wrote to Stone on May 28, 1823, requesting 200 copies of the facsimile “from the engraved plate…now, in your possession, and then to deliver the plate itself to this office to be afterwards occasionally used by you, when the Department may require further supplies of copies from it.” Stone proceeded to print 201 copies on vellum, one of which he kept for himself, as was customary though perhaps not authorized in this case. Four copies presently known on heavy wove paper are most likely proofs before printing on the much more expensive vellum.
On May 26, 1824, Congress provided orders to John Quincy Adams for distribution of the Stone facsimile for distribution. The surviving three signers of the Declaration, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton, each received two copies. Two copies each were also sent to President James Monroe, Vice President Daniel D. Thompkins, former President James Madison, and the Marquis de Lafayette. The Senate and the House of Representatives split twenty copies. The various departments of government received twelve copies apiece. Two copies were sent to the President’s house and to the Supreme Court chamber. The remaining copies were sent to the governors and legislatures of the states and territories, and to various universities and colleges in the United States.
All subsequent exact facsimiles of the Declaration descend from the Stone plate. One of the ways to distinguish the first edition is Stone’s original imprint, top left: “ENGRAVED by W.J. STONE for the Dept. of State by order,” and continued top right: “of J. Q. Adams, Sec of State July 4, 1823.” Sometime after Stone completed his original printing, his imprint at top was removed, and replaced with a shorter imprint at bottom left, “W. J. STONE SC WASHn,” just below George Walton’s printed signature for his second edition printings.
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1776 Journals of Congress - Exhibited here is the exceedingly rare Journals Of Congress. Containing The Proceedings From January 1, 1776, To January 1, 1777, York-town, Pa.: Printed by John Dunlap, with a manuscript note relaying provenance from New Hampshire Revolutionary War Governor Meshech Weare.
This Declaration of Independence was printed by Dunlap after the Articles of Confederation were passed by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, the printing, exactly the same as Aiken's Journals removes the word "General" in the July 4th Dunlap Broadside title from "A Declaration of Independence by the Representatives of the United States of America in General Congress Assembled."
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This volume of the Journals of Congress is one of the rarest of the series issued from 1774 to 1788, and has a peculiar and romantic publication history. Textually it covers the exciting events of 1776, culminating with the Declaration of Independence on July 4, an early printing of which appears here, as well as all of the other actions of Congress for the year. It is thus a vital document in the history of American independence and the American Revolution. Through the middle of 1777 the printer of the Journals of Congress was Robert Aitken of Philadelphia. In 1777 he published the first issue of the Journals for 1776, under his own imprint. This was completed in the spring or summer. In the fall of 1777 the British campaign under Howe forced the Congress to evacuate Philadelphia, moving first to Lancaster and then to York, Pennsylvania. The fleeing Congress took with it what it could, but, not surprisingly, was unable to remove many copies of its printed Journals, which would have been bulky and difficult to transport. Presumably, any left behind in Philadelphia were destroyed by the British, accounting for the particular scarcity of those volumes today. Among the material evacuated from Philadelphia were the printed sheets of pages 1-424 of the 1776 Journals, printed by Aitken. Having lost many complete copies in Philadelphia, and not having the terminal sheets to make up more copies, Congress resolved to reprint the remainder of the volume.
Robert Aitken had not evacuated his equipment, but John Dunlap, the printer of the original Declaration, had. Congress thus appointed Dunlap as the new printer to Congress on May 2, 1778. Dunlap then reprinted the rest of the volume (coming out to a slightly different pagination from Aitken's version). He added to this a new title page, under his imprint at York, with a notice on the verso of his appointment as printer to Congress. This presumably came out between his appointment on May 2 and the return of Congress to Philadelphia in July 1778. Because of Dunlap's name on the title page, it has often been erroneously assumed that this volume contains a printing of the Declaration of Independence by Dunlap. In fact, that appears in the section of the original Aitken printing thus it is a very rare joint endeavor between the two renowned printers. Evans has further muddied the waters by the ghost entry of Evans 15685, ascribing a Dunlap, York printing to 1777. In fact, there is only one Dunlap version, Evans 16137, with the 1778 date. -- Klos Yavneh Collection
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Notwithstanding
New York’s July 9th
approval, the passage of Lee’s Resolution and even John Adams’ letter to Abigail declaring
that “The Second Day of July 1776, will
be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America”, [4]
July 4th has been heralded as the birthdate of the United States of
America since 1777. Moreover, July 4th has remained sacrosanct as the United States birthday despite the enactment of two distinctly different U.S.
Constitutions in 1781 and again in 1789 that reformulated the United States’
federal government.
U.S.
governmental authorities universally agree that the birth year of the current
U.S. Republic is 1776 and not 1781 (when the Articles of Confederation was
ratified), or 1784 (when the Treaty of Paris was
ratified ending the war with Great Britain), or September 17, 1787 (when the
Philadelphia Convention produced the current U.S.
Constitution), or March 4, 1789, when the current tripartite system began to
govern the United States of America.
It is remarkable, however, that, while July 4th, 1776, stands as the nation’s birthdate John Hancock, the Declaration's presidential signer, is passed over by the same governmental authorities as the first U.S. Head of State. Similarly, Samuel Huntington, the first President under the Articles of Confederation, is also passed over as President of the United States in America in Congress Assembled. Furthermore, The State of Delaware, which enacted the Declaration of Independence with 11 other States on July 4th, 1776 and was the 12 State to ratify the Articles of Confederation is herald as the "First State" because of its December 7, 1787 ratification of the second United States constitution passing over the July 4th history.
In contrast, these same officials recognize Benjamin Franklin as the first Postmaster General who served not under the current U.S. Constitution but under the laws of the Continental Congress. Benjamin Lincoln is recognized as the first Secretary of War being appointed in 1781 as opposed to Henry Knox who was the First Secretary of War under the current U.S. Constitution.
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| Exhibited here is The Lady's Magazine Or Entertaining Companion for the Fair Sex, appropriated solely to their Use and Amusement, 1776 printing which contains numerous Continental Congress and Revolutionary War reports but does not print a 1776 copy of the Declaration of Independence. The Lady's Magazine does report, however, several July festivities occurring after the passage of the Declaration of Independence. |
Setting these inconsistencies
aside, the question that is most pertinent to this Independence Day exhibit remains: Why does the U.S. Government, since 1777,
celebrate the 4th of July as Independence Day and not the 2nd
of July?
When the twelve United Colonies
of America declared their independence on July 2nd
the Declaration of Independence (DOI) was already before the
Colonial Continental Congress for its consideration. The first draft was read before the delegates
on Friday June 28, 1776, and then ordered to lie on the table over the weekend
for their review. On Monday, July 1st,
the DOI was read again to the “Committee of the Whole.”
The DOI was debated along with the much shorter Lee Resolution.
The 12 Colonies, whose members
were empowered to declare independence, were unable to garner the necessary 12
delegation votes to make the measure unanimous. Accordingly, it was decided to postpone the vote
on independence until the following day, July 2nd, and the 12
colonial delegations passed the Lee’s
Resolution declaring their independence from Great
Britain. The DOI, however, was quite
another matter; Committee of the Whole Chairman Benjamin Harrison requested more time and the members agreed to
continue deliberations following day.
On July 3rd, the
Continental Congress considered, debated and passed several
pressing war resolutions before taking up the DOI resolution.
Once again, not having sufficient time to finalize the proclamation,
Chairman Benjamin Harrison requested more time and the U.S. Continental
Congress tabled deliberation until the following
day. On the morning of July 4, 1776 the
delegates debated and passed the following war resolution: [9]
… that an application be made to the committee
of safety of Pennsylvania for
a supply of flints for the troops at New York: and that the colony of Maryland and
Delaware be
requested to embody their militia for the flying camp, with all expedition, and
to march them, without delay, to the city of Philadelphia.[10]
The Continental Congress then took up, finalized, and passed the
Declaration of Independence: “Mr. Benjamin Harrison reported, that the committee of the whole
Congress have agreed to a Declaration, which he delivered in. The Declaration being read again was agreed
to …”[11]
The Declaration of Independence proclaimed why “… these United Colonies are,
and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States …”[12] and its content served to justify the
Colonial Continental Congress July 2nd vote declaring
independence. It was the rhetoric in the DOI and not Lee’s
Resolution that exacted the vote for independence on
July 2nd, 1776, from the 12 state delegations. Moreover, the July 4th, 1776,
resolution included naming the Second United American Republic which was not
incorporated in Lee’s Resolution. It is also important to note that the name,
United States of America, was not utilized on any of the Continental Congress
resolutions or bills passed after Lee’s
Resolution on July 2nd up until the passage of
the DOI on July 4th, 1776.
It is true that in Thomas
Jefferson’s DOI drafts, the word “States” was substituted for “Colonies” in the stile, or name, “United
Colonies of America.” It is also true that Jefferson’s
substitution was in accordance with Lee’s
Resolution that asserted the “United Colonies” were
to be “free and independent States.” The new republic was not named the “United
States,” however, until the Declaration of Independence’s adoption on July 4,
1776.
The naming of this new republic
was no small matter, and the topic would be addressed again in later
deliberations on the Articles of Confederation and the current U.S. Constitution. [13] As noted earlier, the 1775 Articles of Confederation and Declaration for Taking up Arms initially
named the First United American Republic the United Colonies of North America. The name was only shortened by the
Continental Congress to the United
Colonies of America in 1776. We must, therefore, pay heed to the
fact that the nation’s name was adopted on July 4th, 1776, with the
passage of the Declaration of Independence and not on July 2nd with the
enactment of Lee’s Resolution. This circumstance, coupled with the nearly
completed Declaration of Independence being laid before the members on June 28th
and present during the July 2nd
vote, explicates why the 4th and not the 2nd was
designated Independence Day by the
Continental Congress and was accepted as such by the then future congresses of
the United States of America.
[1] Hereinafter referred to as the Lee’s Resolution.
[2] Op Cit, June 7, 1776
[3] On July 9th, 1776 the New York Provincial
Congress assembled in the White Plains Court House and adopted the July 4, 1776
resolution heartedly supported by John Jay who had rushed
from New York City to address that body: “That reasons assigned by the
Continental Congress for declaring
The United Colonies Free and Independent States are cogent and conclusive, and
that now we approve the same, and will at the risque of our lives and fortunes,
join with the other colonies in supporting it.”
- New York Provincial Congress, Resolution supporting the Declaration of
Independence, July 9, 1776.
[4] Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July
1776. Original manuscript from the Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical
Society. “But the Day is past. The Second
Day of July 1776 will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America.
I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated, by succeeding Generations, as
the great anniversary Festival. It ought to be commemorated, as the Day of
Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be
solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells,
Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from
this Time forward forever more.”
[5] John Hanson, “United States in Congress Assembled Proclamation. “The Freeman’s Journal, October 16,
1782, Number LXXVII, p. 3.
[6] In the first three United American Republics, the
signature of U.C. and U.S. Presidents are not required to enact any
Congressional legislation. These
founding presidents, unlike the current U.S. Presidents, had one vote in their
respective state delegations in the “one
state one vote” unicameral congressional system. In the Fourth American
Republic, Article I of the Current U.S. Constitution requires
every bill, order, resolution or other act of legislation by the Congress of
the United States to be presented to the U.S. President for his approval. The
President can either sign it into law, return the bill to the originating house
of Congress with his objections to the bill (a veto), or neither sign nor
return it to Congress. If he does the
latter and Congress remains in session for ten days exempting Sundays, the bill
becomes law. If during those ten days
Congress adjourns than the bill does not become a law.
[7] Emancipation
Proclamation, January 1, 1863, Original Manuscript, The Charters of Freedom, US National
Archives and Records Administration.
[8] Ibid.
[9] A Committee of the Whole is a device in which a
legislative body or other deliberative assembly is considered one large
committee.
[10] JCC, 1774-1789, July 4, 1776
[11] Ibid.
[12] JCC, 1774-1789, July 2, 1776
[13] At the Philadelphia Convention on
May 30, 1787, Virginia Governor and
member Edmund Randolph moved to rename the United
States, the “National Government of
America.” This name would remain as
part of the current U.S. Constitution draft until June 20th, 1787, when
it was moved by Mr. Oliver Ellsworth, seconded by Mr. Nathaniel Gorham “… to amend the first resolution reported
from the Committee of the whole House so as to read as follows -- namely,
Resolved that the government of the United States ought to consist of a Supreme
Legislative, Judiciary, and Executive. On the question to agree to the
amendment it passed unanimously in the affirmative.” Max Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of
1787. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.
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| Stan Klos lecturing at the Republican National Convention's PoliticalFest 2000 Rebels With A Vision Exhibit in Philadelphia's Convention Hall |
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